Order in Space: A Design Source Book

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Agnor, Craig B.; Hamilton, Douglas P. (May 2006). "Neptune's capture of its moon Triton in a binary–planet gravitational encounter". Nature. 441 (7090): 192–194. Bibcode: 2006Natur.441..192A. doi: 10.1038/nature04792. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 16688170. S2CID 4420518. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022 . Retrieved 28 March 2022. Potter, Sean (2021-04-21). "NASA's Perseverance Mars Rover Extracts First Oxygen from Red Planet". NASA. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021 . Retrieved 2021-04-22. In Depth: Saturn". NASA Science: Solar System Exploration. 18 August 2021. Archived from the original on 24 February 2018 . Retrieved 31 March 2022.

Pentreath, R. J. (2021). Radioecology: Sources and Consequences of Ionising Radiation in the Environment. Cambridge University Press. pp.94–97. ISBN 978-1009040334. Archived from the original on 20 April 2022 . Retrieved 12 April 2022. cos ⁡ ψ = cos ⁡ ( β g ) cos ⁡ ( β e ) cos ⁡ ( α g − α e ) + sin ⁡ ( β g ) sin ⁡ ( β e ) {\displaystyle \cos \psi =\cos(\beta _{g})\cos(\beta _{e})\cos(\alpha _{g}-\alpha _{e})+\sin(\beta _{g})\sin(\beta _{e})} Rosenblatt, Pascal; Charnoz, Sébastien; Dunseath, Kevin M.; Terao-Dunseath, Mariko; Trinh, Antony; Hyodo, Ryuki; Genda, Hidenori; Toupin, Stéven (2016). "Accretion of Phobos and Deimos in an extended debris disc stirred by transient moons" (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 9 (8): 581. Bibcode: 2016NatGe...9..581R. doi: 10.1038/ngeo2742. S2CID 133174714. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 March 2020 . Retrieved 25 August 2019. IAU Planet Definition Committee". International Astronomical Union. 2006. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 1 March 2009. Much of the Solar System is still unknown. The Sun's gravitational field is estimated to dominate the gravitational forces of surrounding stars out to about two light-years (125,000 AU). Lower estimates for the radius of the Oort cloud, by contrast, do not place it farther than 50,000 AU. [202] Most of the mass is orbiting in the region between 3,000 and 100,000 AU. [203] Despite discoveries such as Sedna, the region between the Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud, an area tens of thousands of AU in radius, is still virtually unmapped. Learning about this region of space is difficult, because it depends upon inferences from those few objects whose orbits happen to be perturbed such that they fall closer to the Sun, and even then, detecting these objects has often been possible only when they happened to become bright enough to register as comets. [204] Objects may yet be discovered in the Solar System's uncharted regions. [205] The furthest known objects, such as Comet West, have aphelia around 70,000 AU from the Sun. [206] Comparison with other star systems Habitable zones of TRAPPIST-1 and the Solar System; here, the TRAPPIST-1 system is enlarged 25 times. The displayed planetary surfaces on TRAPPIST-1 are speculative.Williams, David R. (7 September 2006). "Saturn Fact Sheet". NASA. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2007. A planet is any body orbiting the Sun whose mass is sufficient for gravity to have pulled it into a (near-) spherical shape and that has cleared its immediate neighborhood of all smaller objects. By this definition, the Solar System has eight planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Because it has not cleared its neighborhood of other Kuiper belt objects, Pluto does not fit this definition. [4] A world first: Data transmission between European satellites using laser light". 22 November 2001 . Retrieved 5 September 2015. Zellik, Michael (2002). Astronomy: The Evolving Universe (9thed.). Cambridge University Press. p.240. ISBN 978-0-521-80090-7. OCLC 223304585.

The Solar System lies well outside the star-crowded environs of the Galactic Center. Near the center, gravitational tugs from nearby stars could perturb bodies in the Oort cloud and send many comets into the inner Solar System, producing collisions with potentially catastrophic implications for life on Earth. The intense radiation of the Galactic Center could also interfere with the development of complex life. [232] Stellar flybys that pass within 0.8 light-years of the Sun occur roughly once every 100,000years. The closest well-measured approach was Scholz's Star, which approached to 52 +23 The Sun is a population I star; it has a higher abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium (" metals" in astronomical parlance) than the older population II stars. [85] Elements heavier than hydrogen and helium were formed in the cores of ancient and exploding stars, so the first generation of stars had to die before the universe could be enriched with these atoms. The oldest stars contain few metals, whereas stars born later have more. This higher metallicity is thought to have been crucial to the Sun's development of a planetary system because the planets form from the accretion of "metals". [86] Inner Solar System Overview of the Inner Solar System up to the Jovian System where β g {\displaystyle \beta _{g}} = 27° 07′ 42.01″ and α g {\displaystyle \alpha _{g}} = 12h 51m 26.282s are the declination and right ascension of the north galactic pole, [231] whereas β e {\displaystyle \beta _{e}} = 66° 33′ 38.6″ and α e {\displaystyle \alpha _{e}} = 18h 0m 00s are those for the north pole of the ecliptic. (Both pairs of coordinates are for J2000 epoch.) The result of the calculation is 60.19°. The orbits of Solar System planets are nearly circular. Compared to other systems, they have smaller orbital eccentricity. [207] Although there are attempts to explain it partly with a bias in the radial-velocity detection method and partly with long interactions of a quite high number of planets, the exact causes remain undetermined. [207] [211] Location Celestial neighborhood Diagram of the Local Interstellar Cloud, the G-Cloud and surrounding stars. As of 2022, the precise location of the Solar System in the clouds is an open question in astronomy. [212] If the Sun–Neptune distance is scaled to 100 metres (330ft), then the Sun would be about 3cm (1.2in) in diameter (roughly two-thirds the diameter of a golf ball), the giant planets would be all smaller than about 3mm (0.12in), and Earth's diameter along with that of the other terrestrial planets would be smaller than a flea (0.3mm or 0.012in) at this scale. [63] Interplanetary environment The zodiacal light, caused by interplanetary dustBenz, W.; Slattery, W.L.; Cameron, A.G.W. (1988). "Collisional stripping of Mercury's mantle". Icarus (Submitted manuscript). 74 (3): 516–528. Bibcode: 1988Icar...74..516B. doi: 10.1016/0019-1035(88)90118-2. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019 . Retrieved 25 August 2019.