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Other [Greek] city states had fine armies,” explains Kimberly D. Reiter, an associate professor of ancient and medieval history at Stetson University. “Sparta was recognized by most as the best.” Take on mud, multiple creeks, and a few surprises along the way with Spartan's classic obstacle lineup. San Diego Spartan Sprint Weekend (Pala, CA) - Sprint, Kids

The ancient Greeks used one of three words to refer to the Spartan city-state and its location. First, "Sparta" refers primarily to the main cluster of settlements in the valley of the Eurotas River. [14] The second word, "Lacedaemon" ( Λακεδαίμων), [15] was often used as an adjective and is the name referenced in the works of Homer and the historians Herodotus and Thucydides. The third term, "Laconice" ( Λακωνική), referred to the immediate area around the town of Sparta, the plateau east of the Taygetos mountains, [16] and sometimes to all the regions under direct Spartan control, including Messenia. FRAGRANCE FREE: With so many people having allergys & sensitivities to modern ingredients you can be confident that Spatan is safe to use with clients who are allergic or sensitive to artificial fragrances. Also has No Alcohol or Parabens. Lacedaemon (Greek: Λακεδαίμων) was a mythical king of Laconia. [23] The son of Zeus by the nymph Taygete, he married Sparta, the daughter of Eurotas, by whom he became the father of Amyclas, Eurydice, and Asine. As king, he named his country after himself and the city after his wife. [23] He was believed to have built the sanctuary of the Charites, which stood between Sparta and Amyclae, and to have given to those divinities the names of Cleta and Phaenna. A shrine was erected to him in the neighborhood of Therapne. Sparta never fully recovered from its losses at Leuctra in 371 BC and the subsequent helot revolts. In 338, Philip II invaded and devastated much of Laconia, turning the Spartans out, though he did not seize Sparta itself. [52] Even during its decline, Sparta never forgot its claim to be the "defender of Hellenism" and its Laconic wit. An anecdote has it that when Philip II sent a message to Sparta saying "If I invade Laconia, I shall turn you out." [53], the Spartans responded with the single, terse reply: αἴκα, "if". [54] [55] [56] When Philip created the League of Corinth on the pretext of unifying Greece against Persia, the Spartans chose not to join, since they had no interest in joining a pan-Greek expedition unless it were under Spartan leadership. Thus, upon defeating the Persians at the Battle of the Granicus, Alexander the Great sent to Athens 300 suits of Persian armour with the following inscription: "Alexander, son of Philip, and all the Greeks except the Spartans, give these offerings taken from the foreigners who live in Asia".The Elites, meanwhile, will take center stage in the first-ever North American Elite Series. Also a five-race series, it will be held throughout North America, with races in both Canada and Mexico. The best four out of five times will count towards an athlete's series ranking, and all races are scored using a 300-point system. The first Elite Series race will be held in San Luis Obispo (March 13), and it's followed by Big Bear Lake (May 15) and Huntsville, Utah (July 9) in the United States. The other two Elite Series races will be in Mexico and The Blue Mountains, Ontario, on June 11 and Oct. 22, respectively. Throughout their history, the Spartans were a land-based force par excellence. During the Persian Wars, they contributed a small navy of 20 triremes and provided the overall fleet commander. Nevertheless, they largely relied on their allies, primarily the Corinthians, for naval power. This fact meant that, when the Peloponnesian War broke out, the Spartans were supreme on land, but the Athenians excelled at sea. The Spartans repeatedly ravaged Attica, but the Athenians who were kept supplied by sea, were able to stage raids of their own around the Peloponnese with their navy. Eventually, it was the creation of a navy that enabled Sparta to overcome Athens. With Persian gold, Lysander, appointed navarch in 407 BC, was able to master a strong navy and successfully challenged and destroyed Athenian predominance in the Aegean Sea. [8] However, the Spartan engagement with the sea would be short-lived, and did not survive the turmoils of the Corinthian War. In the Battle of Cnidus of 394 BC, the Spartan navy was decisively defeated by a joint Athenian-Persian fleet, marking the end of Sparta's brief naval supremacy. The final blow would be given 20 years later, at the Battle of Naxos in 376 BC. The Spartans periodically maintained a small fleet after that, but its effectiveness was limited. The last revival of the Spartan naval power was under Nabis, who created a fleet to control the Laconian coastline with aid from his Cretan allies.

This year, for the first time ever, we're bringing our 5K Stadion race to Baylor University's football field. McLane Stadium, Central Texas’ multi-functional sports and entertainment venue, hosts world-class music and sporting events throughout the year. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Summit Bechtel Reserve is widely known for its natural beauty, unbeatable white-water rafting, and youth scouting programs that teach leadership, character, and fitness. This course's vast array of hills, steep inclines, water features, and technical terrain will test your grit and keep you guessing. You'll run across a huge suspension bridge and take in spectacular views of the valley at this unforgettable venue. There will be a full host of Sprint (5K, 20 obstacles), Super (10K, 25 obstacles), and Beast (21K, 30 obstacles) races — as well as Kids events — and no shortage of opportunities to claim your coveted Trifecta. (You'll have more than a few chances to do that in one weekend, if you're feeling up the challenge of a lifetime. More on that below.) Plus, the West Virginia Beast is the fourth Age Group National Series race. Compete against the top Age Group athletes from around the country and earn points based on your finishing position.

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There's nothing like racing somewhere new, be it a new state, a new stadium, or a new course. And in 2022, there will be ample opportunities to race in a new location. Infused with Starfruit and Kiwi complex: Increases skin hydration, promotes dermal collagen production, and preserves the skin's elasticity, firmness, and suppleness. Plutarch portrayed Spartan boys as receiving little schooling. But Stephen Hodkinson, an professor emeritus of ancient history at the University of Nottingham, UK, says there are hints in other sources that they received “the standard Greek elementary education in reading, writing, numbers, song and dance.” In later Classical times, Sparta along with Athens, Thebes, and Persia were the main powers fighting for supremacy in the northeastern Mediterranean. In the course of the Peloponnesian War, Sparta, a traditional land power, acquired a navy which managed to overpower the previously dominant flotilla of Athens, ending the Athenian Empire. At the peak of its power in the early 4th century BC, Sparta had subdued many of the main Greek states and even invaded the Persian provinces in Anatolia (modern day Turkey), a period known as the Spartan hegemony. d="M165.494,533.333c-35.545-73.962-16.616-116.343,10.703-156.272c29.917-43.728,37.627-87.013,37.627-87.013

Strictly speaking, the Agoge didn’t include military training, which didn’t start in earnest until they became adult soldiers. Its real focus was to prepare Spartan males to be compliant members of society, who were ready to sacrifice their all for Sparta. Unlike other Greek city-states, Sparta “was exceptional in its socio-political stability,” Hodkinson says. “Part of the reason for this was that the boys’ upbringing had instilled behaviors that encouraged harmony and cooperation.” Settled between the sparkling blue waters of Puget Sound and the rugged, snow-capped peaks of the Cascade Mountains, Seattle is a gorgeous destination for this Spartan race weekend. An exchange of letters in the deutero-canonical First Book of Maccabees expresses a Jewish claim to kinship with the Spartans:

Raymond James Stadium, home of the NFL's Tampa Bay Buccaneers, is no stranger to large sporting events, music festivals, and superstar concerts, and this 5K is like no other. Run through the bleachers, run past the iconic pirate ship, and listen to the famous animatronic parrot. Make sure your quads and calves are in tip-top shape, because these stairs are no joke. Big Bear Spartan Trifecta Event Weekend - Sprint, Super, Beast, Kids To toughen them up even more, Spartan boys were compelled to go barefoot and seldom bathed or used ointments, so that their skin became hard and dry, Plutarch wrote. For clothing, they were given just one cloak to wear year-round, to make them learn to endure heat and cold, and made their own beds from plants that they had to rip out of the ground with their bare hands from river banks. The decisive Greek victory at Plataea put an end to the Greco-Persian War along with Persian ambitions to expand into Europe. Even though this war was won by a pan-Greek army, credit was given to Sparta, who besides providing the leading forces at Thermopylae and Plataea, had been the de facto leader of the entire Greek expedition. [48] This venue is no stranger to elite athletes. With a 3,000-foot vertical climb to its peak, this course is one of our toughest yet. The trek to the summit will be challenging, but that just makes the breathtaking views from the top so much more worth it. Whipping was a test of courage and stoicism,” Reiter says. “Boys looked forward to the public display of their fortitude.”

Below, we've got the dates of every race, the locations and venues, the race types offered, and a brief description of the courses and the surrounding areas. Spartan ascendancy did not last long. By the end of the 5th century BC, Sparta had suffered severe casualties in the Peloponnesian Wars, and its conservative and narrow mentality alienated many of its former allies. At the same time, its military class – the Spartiate caste – was in decline for several reasons:

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Little is known of the earlier organization, and much is left open to speculation. The earliest form of social and military organization (during the 7th century BC) seems to have been set in accordance with the three tribes ( phylai: the Pamphyloi, Hylleis and Dymanes), who appeared in the Second Messenian War (685–668 BC). A further subdivision was the "fraternity" ( phratra), of which 27, or nine per tribe, are recorded. [15] Eventually, this system was replaced by five territorial divisions, the obai ("villages"), which supplied a lochos of about 1,000 men each. [16] This system was still used during the Persian Wars, as Herodotus had made references to the " lochoi" in his Histories. [17] It's time to saddle up at 7IL Ranch, which has no shortage of open pastures and densely-wooded areas to challenge your every step. Just an hour west of downtown Houston, 7IL Ranch offers over 40 miles of rolling, sandy hill trails, along with a few shallow creek crossings. Sparta was frequently a subject of fascination in its own day, as well as in Western culture following the revival of classical learning. The admiration of Sparta is known as Laconophilia. Bertrand Russell wrote: