Horse Anatomy for Performance

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Bones of the lower limb, present in both the front and hind legs, include the cannon bone (3rd metacarpal/3rd metatarsal), splint bones (2nd and 4th metacarpal/metatarsal), proximal sesamoid bones, long pastern (proximal or 1st phalanx), short pastern (middle or 2nd phalanx), coffin bone (distal or 3rd phalanx), and navicular bone (distal sesamoid). There are usually slight differences in these bones when comparing the front and the hind. The 3rd metatarsal is about 1/6 longer than the 3rd metacarpal. Similarly, the 2nd and 4th metatarsals are longer in length when compared to their front-end counterpart. In the hindlimb, the 1st phalanx is shorter and the 2nd phalanx is longer than in the frontlimb. In addition, the 2nd and 3rd phalanx are narrower in the hind limb. The angle created by these three bones in the hindleg is steeper by about 5 degrees, therefore making the pastern angle steeper behind than in front. US Forest Service (May 2003). "Mules Key in Accomplishing Trail Work" (PDF). Success Stories. US Department of Agriculture. p.4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-05-27 . Retrieved 2008-04-20. Evans, J. (1990). The Horse (Seconded.). New York: Freeman. p. 90. ISBN 0-7167-1811-1. OCLC 20132967.

Figure 1. Horse anatomy – a schematic representation of the 7 cervical vertebrae extending from the base of the skull to the first thoracic vertebrae, where the rib cage begins. Note the difference in shape of the atlas and axis compared with the rest of the vertebrae and rudimentary spinous processes present on the sixth and seventh vertebrae. Also note that the lamellar part of the nuchal ligament does not connect to the first and seventh vertebrae, allowing for more rotation in those regions. Horse breeds are loosely divided into three categories based on general temperament: spirited "hot bloods" with speed and endurance; "cold bloods", such as draft horses and some ponies, suitable for slow, heavy work; and " warmbloods", developed from crosses between hot bloods and cold bloods, often focusing on creating breeds for specific riding purposes, particularly in Europe. There are more than 300breeds of horse in the world today, developed for many different uses. You might know the anatomical features of male genital organs from horse anatomy. The testis is located in the prepubic region and ovoid, compressed side to side. The long axis of the testis is obliquely longitudinal. Smith, BP (1996). Large Animal Internal Medicine (Seconded.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. pp.1086–1087. ISBN 0-8151-7724-0. OCLC 33439780.Tiger tops dog as world's favourite animal". Independent Online. Independent. Archived from the original on 2012-10-28 . Retrieved 2011-06-01. Pavord, Tony; Pavord, Marcy (2007). Complete Equine Veterinary Manual. David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-1883-6. Do You Know How Horses Sleep?". Archived from the original on 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 September 2018. A 2021 genetic study suggested that most modern domestic horses descend from the lower Volga-Don region. Ancient horse genomes indicate that these populations influenced almost all local populations as they expanded rapidly throughout Eurasia, beginning about 4,200 years ago. It also shows that certain adaptations were strongly selected due to riding, and that equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots spread with the horse itself. [158] [159] Volunteer Mounted Search and Rescue Unit". Employment. San Benito County Sheriff's Office. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09 . Retrieved 2008-07-08.

the gallop, which averages 40 to 48 kilometres per hour (25 to 30mph), [86] but the world record for a horse galloping over a short, sprint distance is 70.76 kilometres per hour (43.97mph). [87] Edward Busuttil DVM, CertAVP, PgCertVPS, MRCVS, gives us an anatomical insight into how stability is maintained in this vital system I know this little information is not enough to learn the osteological characteristics of bones from horse anatomy. But you might get a basic concept of bones with their special features from this article. Syndesmology of horse Epstein, H. (1955). "Domestication Features in Animals as Functions of Human Society". Agricultural History Society. 29 (4): 137–146. JSTOR 3740046.Prince, Eleanor F.; Gaydell M. Collier (1974). Basic Horsemanship: English and Western. New York: Doubleday. pp. 214–223. ISBN 0-385-06587-6. OCLC 873660. The renal pelvic is more dialated in the horse. Urinary bladder is comparatively small in horse compare to a cow. Male genital organs from horse anatomy Ligaments and tendons hold the skeletal system together. Ligaments hold bones to bones and tendons hold bones to muscles. Synovial membranes are found in joint capsules, where they contain synovial fluid, which lubricates joints. Bones are covered by a tough membrane called periosteum, which covers the entire bone excluding areas of articulation.

Myers, Jane (2005). Horse Safe: A Complete Guide to Equine Safety. Collingwood, UK: CSIRO Publishing. p.7. ISBN 0-643-09245-5. OCLC 65466652. Archived from the original on 2023-03-20 . Retrieved 2020-09-28. See also: Horse sleep patterns and Sleep in non-humans When horses lie down to sleep, others in the herd remain standing, awake, or in a light doze, keeping watch. Horses require a plentiful supply of clean water, a minimum of 38 to 45 litres (10 to 12USgal) per day. [241] Although horses are adapted to live outside, they require shelter from the wind and precipitation, which can range from a simple shed or shelter to an elaborate stable. [242] Cirelli, Al Jr.; Brenda Cloud. "Horse Handling and Riding Guidelines Part 1: Equine Senses" (PDF). Cooperative Extension. University of Nevada. p.4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-08 . Retrieved 2008-07-09. Domestication is also studied by using the genetic material of present-day horses and comparing it with the genetic material present in the bones and teeth of horse remains found in archaeological and palaeological excavations. The variation in the genetic material shows that very few wild stallions contributed to the domestic horse, [160] [161] while many mares were part of early domesticated herds. [148] [162] [163] This is reflected in the difference in genetic variation between the DNA that is passed on along the paternal, or sire line ( Y-chromosome) versus that passed on along the maternal, or dam line ( mitochondrial DNA). There are very low levels of Y-chromosome variability, [160] [161] but a great deal of genetic variation in mitochondrial DNA. [148] [162] [163] There is also regional variation in mitochondrial DNA due to the inclusion of wild mares in domestic herds. [148] [162] [163] [164] Another characteristic of domestication is an increase in coat color variation. [165] In horses, this increased dramatically between 5000 and 3000 BCE. [166]McIlwraith, C.W. "Developmental Orthopaedic Disease: Problems of Limbs in young Horses". Orthopaedic Research Center. Colorado State University. Archived from the original on 2013-01-14 . Retrieved 2008-04-20.