The Crusader’s Cross: From the Sunday Times bestselling author comes an unmissable new Ben Hope thriller: Book 24

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a b Strayer, Joseph R. (1977). " Chapter XIV. The Crusades of Louis IX". In Wolff, Robert L. and Hazard, H. W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades: Volume II, The Later Crusades 1187–1311. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 487–521. The Lorraine Cross has sometimes been called the Jerusalem Cross, but this is not correct. These two crosses are completely different in appearance, as the Lorraine cross is more traditional, consisting of a vertical beam with two horizontal crossbeams. Jerusalem Cross in Use Today plate 3 (facing p. 16), no. 36: early Saxon sceat: diagonal cross with four dots in the four quadrants, no. 47: cross crosslet superimposed on a diagonal cross; Main article: Art of the crusades 12th-century Knights Hospitaller castle of Krak des Chevaliers in Syria, one of the first castles to use concentric fortification, i.e. concentric rings of defence that could all operate at the same time. It has two curtain walls and sits on a promontory.

The recruiting effort under cardinal Odo of Châteauroux was difficult, and the Crusade finally began on 12 August 1248 when Louis IX left Paris under the insignia of a pilgrim, the Oriflamme. [160] With him were queen Margaret of Provence and two of Louis' brothers, Charles I of Anjou and Robert I of Artois. Their youngest brother Alphonse of Poitiers departed the next year. They were followed by Hugh IV of Burgundy, Peter Maulcerc, Hugh XI of Lusignan, royal companion and chronicler Jean de Joinville, and an English detachment under William Longespée, grandson of Henry II of England. [161] Barker, Ernest (1911). " Baldwin II (king of Jerusalem)". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 3. (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. p. 246. In July 1239, Baldwin of Courtenay, the young heir to the Latin Empire, travelled to Constantinople with a small army. In the winter of 1239, Baldwin finally returned to Constantinople, where he was crowned emperor around Easter of 1240, after which he launched his crusade. Baldwin then besieged and captured Tzurulum, a Nicaean stronghold seventy-five miles west of Constantinople. [155]The Jerusalem Cross has strong ties to the Holy Land and for this reason was chosen as the flag of the country of Georgia. According to the Georgian ambassador to the Vatican, “For the Georgian identity it has enormous significance. We believe that this flag existed before the Crusades’ epoch, it is described in the 10th century Georgian text as the national flag. Christianity in Georgia, as you justly noted, has a long history of relationship with the Holy Land. A few Georgian monastic settlements and manuscripts are found in the Holy Land from the early ages of the Christianity in Georgia.” J. B. Bury (1911). " Baldwin II (emperor of Romania)" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 3. (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 867.

Some believe that the cross represents Christ and the four evangelists. Chris is represented by the central cross, and the four Evangelists (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John), are represented by the four smaller crosses. 3. Christ and the Four Corners According to another interpretation, the Crusader cross represents Jesus’s command to spread the Gospel around the world. While the four crosslets symbolize the four corners of the world, the cross potent in the center represents Jerusalem where the mission of spreading the Word of Christ began, although some sources suggest that it actually represents Jesus Christ himself. A Cross of Jerusalem in Floral Style by Sidhe Jesus Christ and The Four Evangelicals Maier, Christopher T. "When Was the First History of the Crusades Written?" in The crusades: history and memory. Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East, Odense, 27 June – 1 July 2016. Vol. 2 (2021), ed. T.K. Nielsen and KV Jensen, pp. 13–28

Popular interpretations of the Jerusalem Cross:

In the early 20th century, the Jerusalem cross also came to be used as a symbol of world evangelisation in Protestantism. A derived design known as the " Episcopal Church Service Cross" was first used during World War I by the Anglican Episcopal Church in the United States. [13] The Jerusalem cross was chosen as the emblem of the Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchentag (German Evangelical Church Congress) in the 1950s, since the 1960s shown in a simplified form where the central Cross potent is replaced by a simple Greek cross.

There are several meanings believed to be represented by the Jerusalem Cross. 1. Five Wounds of Christ The Latin states established were a fragile patchwork of petty realms threatened by Byzantine successor states–the Despotate of Epirus, the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond. Thessaloniki fell to Epirus in 1224, and Constantinople to Nicaea in 1261. Achaea and Athens survived under the French after the Treaty of Viterbo. [201] The Venetians endured a long-standing conflict with the Ottoman Empire until the final possessions were lost in the Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War in the 18th century. This period of Greek history is known as the Frankokratia or Latinokratia ("Frankish or Latin rule") and designates a period when western European Catholics ruled Orthodox Byzantine Greeks. [202] Housley, Norman (1982). The Italian Crusades: The Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades Against Christian Lay Powers, 1254–1343. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821925-5. The major crusades of the 14th century include: the Crusade against the Dulcinians; the Crusade of the Poor; the Anti-Catalan Crusade; the Shepherds' Crusade; the Smyrniote Crusades; the Crusade against Novgorod; the Savoyard Crusade; the Alexandrian Crusade; the Despenser's Crusade; the Mahdia, Tedelis, and Bona Crusades; and the Crusade of Nicopolis.Murray, Alan V. (2000). The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History, 1099–1125. University of Oxford. ISBN 978-1-900934-03-9. Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1973). The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174–1277. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-06379-8. Goldsmith, Linda (2006). Crusade of Louis IX to the East (1248–1254). In The Crusades – An Encyclopedia. pp. 321–324. a b Baldwin, Marshall W. (1969). " Chapter XIX. The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades: Volume One. The First Hundred Years. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 590–621.

Cate, James Lea (1969). " The Crusade of 1101." In Setton, K. A History of the Crusades: I. pp. 343–352. The Jerusalem Cross is a major symbol used in Christianity, representing Christ’s command to spread the Gospel around the world beginning in Jerusalem. The symbol is basically composed of 5 crosses; 1 large central cross with 4 smaller crosses in each quadrant. It is also often referred to as the Crusader’s Cross and less frequently as the Cantonese Cross. Markowski, Michael. " Crucesignatus: its origins and early usage". Journal of Medieval History (1984), pp. 157–165. The four evangelists, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, with Christ in the center Christianity (central cross) broadcast by missionaries to the four corners of the world Maier, Christoph T. (2006a). "Ideology". In Murray, Alan V. (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol.II: D–J. ABC-CLIO. pp.627–631. ISBN 978-1-57607-862-4.A Prayer Book for the Armed Services: For Chaplains and Those in Service, Church Publishing, Inc., 2008, p. 10. In the spring of 1147, Eugene III authorized the expansion of his mission into the Iberian peninsula, equating these campaigns against the Moors with the rest of the Second Crusade. The successful Siege of Lisbon, from 1 July to 25 October 1147, was followed by the six-month siege of Tortosa, ending on 30 December 1148 with a defeat for the Moors. [80] In the north, some Germans were reluctant to fight in the Holy Land while the pagan Wends were a more immediate problem. The resulting Wendish Crusade of 1147 was partially successful but failed to convert the pagans to Christianity. [81] Perry, Guy (2013). John of Brienne: King of Jerusalem, Emperor of Constantinople, c. 1175–1237. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-04310-7.