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Gutmanis, June (November 1983). Na pule kahiko: ancient Hawaiian prayers. Editions Limited. ISBN 978-0-9607938-6-0. Hawaiian Historical Society (1936). Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society. The Hawaiian Historical Society. p.15. With the support of Hawaii Senators Daniel Inouye and Daniel Akaka, Congress passed a joint resolution called the " Apology Resolution" ( US Public Law 103-150). It was signed by President Bill Clinton on November 23, 1993. This resolution apologized "to Native Hawaiians on behalf of the people of the United States for the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii on January 17, 1893... and the deprivation of the rights of Native Hawaiians to self-determination." The implications of this resolution have been extensively debated. [176] [177] The resolution's description of the history of Hawaii is also selective and inflammatory and has been thoroughly criticized, [178] ignoring entirely, for example, the fact that the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom was led by Hawaiian citizens on the Committee of Safety. The resolution also fails to explain why it would only apply to Native Hawaiians as defined as people descended from persons living in Hawaii prior to Captain Cook's arrival in 1778, as opposed to all subjects of the Kingdom, since in theory all subjects would have been the victims of the overthrow because citizenship in the Kingdom was not limited to persons descended from people living in Hawaii prior to 1778. [179] [8] [9] Hawaii Reports: Cases Determined in the Supreme Court of the State of Hawaii. Valenti Brothers Graphics. 1883. pp.266–.
American immigration, led by Protestant missionaries, and Native Hawaiian emigration, mostly on whaling ships, began almost immediately after Cook's arrival. [5] Americans set up plantations to grow sugar. Their methods of plantation farming required substantial labor. Waves of permanent immigrants came from Japan, China, and the Philippines to work in the fields. The government of Japan organized and gave special protection to its people, who comprised about 25 percent of the Hawaiian population by 1896. [6] The Hawaiian monarchy encouraged this multi-ethnic society, initially establishing a constitutional monarchy in 1840 that promised equal voting rights regardless of race, gender, or wealth. [7] [8] [9] Kekoolani Genealogy of the Descendants of the Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii - pafg54 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File". Mak, James. "Creating 'Paradise of the Pacific': How Tourism Began in Hawaii." (No. 2015-1. 2015) online. 82pp
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Trask, Haunani-Kay (1999). From a Native Daughter: Colonialism and Sovereignty in Hawaiʻi. University of Hawaii Press. p.7. ISBN 978-0-8248-2059-6. a b Claessen, Henri J. M.; Oosten, Jarich Gerlof (1996). Ideology and the Formation of Early States. BRILL. p.334. ISBN 90-04-10470-4. The history of Hawaii describes the era of human settlements in the Hawaiian Islands. The islands were first settled by Polynesians sometime between 1000 and 1200 AD forming the modern population of Native Hawaiians. [1] Hawaiian civilization was isolated from the rest of the world for at least 500 years. Forbes, David W. Encounters with paradise: views of Hawaii and its people, 1778–1941 (Honolulu Academy of Arts, 1992).
Kamehameha III - Hawaii History - Monarchs". July 31, 2017. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017 . Retrieved March 22, 2023. Hurricane season in the islands runs from June to November. Although Hawaii's relative isolation means that it is affected only rarely by tropical cyclones, one of the storms or its remnants does hit or skirt the Islands every couple of years, such as Hurricanes Iwa and Iniki hitting Kauai in 1982 and 1992 respectively. Speeches of His Majesty Kamehameha IV: To the Hawaiian Legislature ... Printed at the Government Press. 1861. The Friendly Isle" is the fifth largest and one of the least developed of the main Hawaiian Islands. It is home to Kalaupapa, the place where long term sufferers of Hansen's Disease (also known as leprosy) were forced into quarantine by the Hawaiian government until 1969. It is now known for pristine, breathtaking tropical landscapes, environmental stewardship, rich and deep Hawaiian traditions, and a visitor-friendly culture.
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By about 1000, settlements founded along the perimeters of the islands were beginning to cultivate food in gardens. [14] Kinzer, S. (2006) America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq. p. 30. [Minister Stevens] "certainly overstepped his authority when he brought troops ashore, especially since he knew that the 'general alarm and terror' of which the Committee of Safety had complained was a fiction."
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