The Fundamentals of Religion

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Khaled Abou El Fadl of UCLA, a critic of those who are called Islamic fundamentalists, also finds fault with the term because: Franz 2007, pp.449–464—"Loyalty to the organization becomes the touchstone, the criterion, the "bottom line", when it comes to determining whether one is a faithful Christian or not ... to make any organizational loyalty the criterion for judging anyone's Christianity is, then, clearly a perversion of Scripture ... Read the whole of those Scriptures ... nowehere are we taught to put faith in men or in an earthly organization, unquestioningly following its lead ... the entire Bible record is a continual reminder of the danger inherent in that kind of trust." Buddhism was founded in the fifth century B.C. by Siddhartha Gautama, who later became known as the Buddha. After giving up an extravagant life of excess, the man who came to be known as the Buddha discovered enlightenment through giving up his wealth and position to live a simple life as a monk. His efforts to teach others how to do the same became the foundation of Buddhism.

There are many other deities (called devis), demi-gods (called devas) and goddesses, with significant variations among specific sects.A central idea in Islam is “jihad,” which means “struggle.” While the term has been used negatively in mainstream culture, Muslims believe it refers to internal and external efforts to defend their faith. Although rare, this can include military jihad if a “just war” is needed. When Umar was assassinated six years after being named caliph, Uthman, Muhammad’s son-in-law, took the role.

Scriptural literalism – According to another academic, Natana J. Delong-Bas, the contemporary use of the term Islamic fundamentalism applies to Muslims who seek not just "to return to the primary sources", but who use "a literal interpretation of those sources". [3]Sophisticated learning environment through the use of non-traditional methods in the field of teaching and learning. United In Worship Of The Only True God. pp.112–113. Spiritual Sons—How Do They Know? ... God's spirit gives positive assurance of adoption as spiritual sons to baptized Christians who have received the heavenly calling. Some seven years later, Muhammad and his many followers returned to Mecca and conquered the region. He continued to preach until his death in 632. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Jehovah's Witnesses believe that God uses an organization both in heaven and on earth, and that Jehovah's Witnesses, under the direction of their Governing Body, are the only visible channel by which God communicates with humanity. [44] [45] The organization is said to be theocratic, "ruled from the divine Top down, and not from the rank and file up". [46] Witnesses teach that people must choose between God's organization and Satan's. [47] [48] Watch Tower publications teach that the Bible is an "organizational book" that does not belong to individuals and that the Bible cannot be properly understood without guidance by "Jehovah's visible organization". [49]