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Starting mainly in the mid-1960s, London became a centre for worldwide youth culture, exemplified by the Swinging London sub-culture associated with the King's Road, Chelsea and Carnaby Street. Rail Underground and DLR The London Underground is the world's oldest and third-longest rapid transit system.
London was plagued by disease in the early 17th century, [69] culminating in the Great Plague of 1665–1666, which killed up to 100,000 people, or a fifth of the population. The City of London is the main financial district, [173] and Canary Wharf has recently developed into a new financial and commercial hub in the Docklands to the east. London's bus network runs 24 hours a day with about 9,300 vehicles, over 675 bus routes and about 19,000 bus stops. As a large city, London has a considerable urban heat island effect, [160] making the centre of London at times 5°C (9°F) warmer than the suburbs and outskirts. Policing in Greater London, with the exception of the City of London, is provided by the Metropolitan Police ("The Met"), overseen by the mayor through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC).
Some areas of the city, particularly those just west of the centre, are characterised by white stucco or whitewashed buildings. There are 73 members of Parliament (MPs) from London; As of December2019 [update], 49 are from the Labour Party, 21 are Conservatives, and three are Liberal Democrats.
Other notable modern buildings include The Scalpel, 20 Fenchurch Street (dubbed "The Walkie-Talkie"), the former City Hall in Southwark, the Art Deco BBC Broadcasting House plus the Postmodernist British Library in Somers Town/ Kings Cross and No 1 Poultry by James Stirling. From the 1940s, London became home to many immigrants, primarily from Commonwealth countries such as Jamaica, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, [89] making London one of the most diverse cities in the world. In the 16th century, William Shakespeare and his contemporaries lived in London during English Renaissance theatre. The national gallery of British art is at Tate Britain, originally established as an annexe of the National Gallery in 1897.note 1] It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a 50-mile (80km) estuary down to the North Sea and has been a major settlement for nearly two millennia. Like suburban rail services, regional and inter-city trains depart from several termini around the city centre, directly linking London with most of Great Britain's major cities and towns. More recently, Greater London has been defined as a region of England and in this context is known as London. The London Jewish Forum was set up in 2006 in response to the growing significance of devolved London Government. Opened in 1937, the Odeon cinema in Leicester Square hosts numerous European and world film premieres.
Funding cuts to police in London are likely to have contributed to this, though other factors are involved. In 2000, this collection moved to Tate Modern, a new gallery housed in the former Bankside Power Station which is accessed by pedestrians north of the Thames via the Millennium Bridge. Marble Arch and Wellington Arch, at the north and south ends of Park Lane, respectively, have royal connections, as do the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall in Kensington. The Cenotaph, located in Whitehall, was unveiled on the same day, and is the focal point for the National Service of Remembrance held annually on Remembrance Sunday, the closest Sunday to 11 November. In excess of 8,300 sq ft, the sensitive modernisation of the six-bedroom townhouse included the creation of a wellness suite on the lower ground floor, complete with swimming pool.The London financial elite was strengthened by a strong Jewish community from all over Europe capable of mastering the most sophisticated financial tools of the time. Ten of England's eighteen species of bats have been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, Nathusius' and common pipistrelles, common noctule, serotine, barbastelle, Daubenton's, brown long-eared, Natterer's and Leisler's.
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